Sunday, December 9, 2012

Which great of all time fighters and hall of famers that got KO'd in the early rounds?

Q. Like Duran and Hearns..

A. Benny Leonard, a top ten all-time great, was stopped in the 3rd round in his pro debut.

Alexis Arguello, the great 3 division champion from Nicaragua, suffered a first round knockout loss in his pro debut.

Tommy Hearns was knocked out in three rounds by both Marvin Hagler (another all-time great) and by Iran Barkley.

Harry Greb, arguably the greatest fighter in the history of the sport p4p, was knocked out in two rounds against Joe Chip. Greb would lose another fight in the second round by KO, but that came as a result of a broken arm. These would be the only KO losses suffered by Greb in 299 career fights.

Jack Dempsey, former heavyweight champion of the world was KO'd in just 22 seconds by Fireman Jim Flynn. It was Dempsey's only KO loss.

The original Jack Dempsey, the nonpareil, was knocked out in three rounds by the great Tommy Ryan in 1895. Dempsey was already suffering from tuberculosis and would eventually die from the disease later that year.

Peter Jackson, the Black Prince whom John L. Sullivan avoided on racist grounds, was KO'd in three rounds by James J. Corbett towards the end of his great career.

Philadelphis Jack O'Brien, all-time great light-heavyweight was KO'd in three rounds by Al Limerick. He was also brutally KO'd in three rounds by the great Stanley Ketchel.

Michael Spinks, great light heavyweight champion who would later win the heavyweight title was stopped in just one round against Mike Tyson in a fight to unify the heavyweight title.

Young Griffo, great Australian fighter from the latter part of the 19th century, was KO'd in one round against Hugh Bahan.

Jack Johnson, first black heavyweight champion and one of the greatest of all-time, was KO'd in three rounds by a fellow hall-of-famer, Joe Choynski. Choynski would later teach Johnson his defensive moves, and as they say, the rest is history.

Kid Chocolate, the "Cuban Bon Bon" was KO'd into two rounds by another great, Tony Canzoneri.

Sam Langford, anotehr guy you could make the case for being the top fighter p4p, was KO'd in one round in his last career fight, against Brad Simmons. Simmons had a little ill will towards Langford, who mocked Simmons' fighting ability. Simmons had known about Langford fighting with one good eye, and, in the first round, thumbs Langford in that eye, blinding Sam and ending his GREAT career. Langford would later have surgery many times on the eye, but eventually lost his sight.

Ted "Kid" Lewis - One of Ebgland's greatest fighters p4p in the history of the sport, was KO'd in one round against Georges Carpentier.

Tommy Loughran, a defensive specialist and one of the all-time greats at light heavyweight, was KO'd in three rounds by Jack Sharkey.

Jack Sharkey - A former heavyweight champion who had all the talent in the world but could never be consistent, was KO'd in three rounds against Joe Louis. It would be Shakey's last fight in a hall-of-fame career that SHOULD have been so much more.

Roy Jones, Jr. KO'd in two rounds.

Terry Norris, Ko'd in two rounds by Julian Jackson.

There's many more, but these are the names that came off the top of my head.


what are the benefits of black pepper?
Q.

A. Like all eastern spices, pepper was historically both a seasoning and a medicine. Long pepper, being stronger, was often the preferred medication, but both were used.

Black peppercorns figure in remedies in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani medicine in India. The 5th century Syriac Book of Medicines prescribes pepper (or perhaps long pepper) for such illnesses as constipation, diarrhoea, earache, gangrene, heart disease, hernia, hoarseness, indigestion, insect bites, insomnia, joint pain, liver problems, lung disease, oral abscesses, sunburn, tooth decay, and toothaches.[17] Various sources from the 5th century onward also recommend pepper to treat eye problems, often by applying salves or poultices made with pepper directly to the eye. There is no current medical evidence that any of these treatments has any benefit; pepper applied directly to the eye would be quite uncomfortable and possibly damaging.[18]

Pepper has long been believed to cause sneezing; this is still believed true today. Some sources say that piperine irritates the nostrils, causing the sneezing [19]; some say that it is just the effect of the fine dust in ground pepper, and some say that pepper is not in fact a very effective sneeze-producer at all. Few if any controlled studies have been carried out to answer the question.

Pepper is eliminated from the diet of patients having abdominal surgery and ulcers because of its irritating effect upon the intestines, being replaced by what is referred to as a bland diet.


what do we use leeches for in medicaine?
Q.

A. Maggots and leeches make a comeback
Aisha El-Awady
Bugs and parasites are making a comeback into modern medicine, and although they have been used as a means of therapy for thousands of years, they lost their popularity in the second half of the 20th century only to regain their previous status as medical wonders during the 1980s. Two such parasites used today are leeches and maggots. As gruesome as both are conceived, they have been found to possess numerous advantages in the field of medicine.

The Practice of Leeching Throughout History

The use of leeches in medicine dates as far back as 2,500 years ago when they were used for bloodletting in ancient Egypt. All ancient civilizations practiced bloodletting including Indian and Greek civilizations. In ancient Greek history, bloodletting was practiced according to the humoral theory, which proposed that when the four humors, blood, phlegm, black and yellow bile in the human body were in balance, good health was guaranteed. An unbalance in the proportions of these humors was believed to be the cause of ill health. Records of this theory were found in the Greek philosopher Hippocrates� collection in the fifth century B.C. Bloodletting using leeches was one method used by physicians to balance the humors and to rid the body of the plethora.

In medieval Europe, a number of superstitious ideas and religious philosophies started to influence the practice of bloodletting. The practice continued on up until the 19th century. In 1833, bloodletting became so popular in Europe, that the commercial trade in leeches became a major industry. France, suffering a deficiency, had to import 41.5 million leeches. The medicinal leech almost became extinct in Europe due to the extremely high demand for them. Leeches were collected in a particularly creepy way. Leech collectors would wade in leech infested waters allowing the leeches to attach themselves to the collector�s legs. In this way as many as 2,500 leeches could be gathered per day. When the numbers became insufficient, the French and Germans started the practice of leech farming. Elderly horses were used as leech feed where they would be sent into the water and would later die of blood loss.

Leeches were thought to be able to cure everything from headaches to brain congestion. They were used to cure obesity, hemorrhoids, nephritis, laryngitis, eye disorders as well as mental illness. Their use continued on until the 1960s when their use in medicine was discontinued.

Leeches in Modern Medicine

The use of leeches in medicine, otherwise known as Hirudotherapy, made its comeback in the 1980s after years of decline, with the advent of microsurgery such as plastic and reconstructive surgeries. In operations such as these, one of the biggest problems that arises is venous congestion due to inefficient venous drainage. This condition is known as venous insufficiency. If this congestion is not cleared up quickly, the blood will clot and arteries that bring the tissues their necessary nourishment will become plugged and the tissues will die. It is here where the leeches come in handy. After being applied to the required site, they suck the excess blood, reducing the swelling in the tissues and promoting healing by allowing fresh, oxygenated blood to reach the area until normal circulation can be restored. The leeches also secrete an anticoagulant (known as hirudin) that prevents the clotting of the blood.

The leech�s saliva is truly extraordinary containing a number of chemical compounds useful in medicine. These include a local anesthetic that the leech uses to avoid detection by the host, the anti-coagulant hirudin that can help prevent heart attacks and strokes, a vasodilator and a prostaglandin that help reduce swelling. The leech�s gut harbors a bacterium known as Aeromonan hydrophila. This bacterium aids in the digestion of ingested blood and produces an antibiotic that kills other bacteria that may cause putrefaction.

Not only are leeches economically beneficial costing as little as $4.75 to $6.50 apiece, but studies have shown that Hirudotherapy doubles the success rate of transplanted tissue flaps. This is a much higher success rate than that brought on by drugs or further surgery.

Hirudotherapy has proven to be useful for a number of other conditions including cardiovascular disease, ophthalmology and dermatology. Hirudin is also used in the treatment of inflammation of the middle ear. Osteoarthritis, which is a painful condition of the knee, is also thought to benefit from leeching. Studies performed by researchers from the Essen-Mitte Clinic in Germany have shown that when leeches were applied to the knees of patients with osteoarthritis, they helped to alleviate the inflammation and pain associated with the condition.

The hazards associated with leech therapy include infection, excess blood loss that may require blood transfusion, the loss of leeches in body orifices and spaces, and allergic reactions. Some patients find the use of leeches disgusting, which makes it necessary that they have basic information on the benefit of leeches before the procedure. The secretion of a local anesthetic by the leech makes the procedure painless except for the initial attachment phase. They fall off promptly after they have completed feeding.

Scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have developed a mechanical leech as an alternative to real leeches. The synthetic leech mimics the action of the leech allowing for fresh blood to flow through the wound, but unlike the leech, it is insatiable and can continue to remove blood for as long as is needed whereas the leech only feeds for about half an hour.

Maggots a Good Thing?

Maggots are now once again gaining respect in the medical field. Their use even has a name, maggot debridement therapy or MDT. Maggots are efficient healers of wounds. This was recognized centuries ago when wounded soldiers whose wounds were infested with maggots healed better than those that were not infested. The reason for this is that the maggots used for this purpose eat dead tissues and leave the healthy, living tissues alone. They also excrete substances which inhibit and may even kill bacteria. This is especially useful in areas with poor blood supply that do not benefit much from antibiotics that cannot reach the area in adequate concentration to do their job.

Maggots have been known for their healing ability since the 16th century. Maggot therapy continued until the 1930s when their use in therapy was so common that over 300 hospitals in the US alone were using them. In the 1940s antibiotic therapy and surgical techniques replaced the use of maggots. Their superiority in certain cases to antibiotics was realized in 1989 when they were recognized to be more efficient cleaners of wounds than any other non-surgical treatment.


Not all maggots can be used in medicine; only those that do not burrow under the patient�s skin and do not eat healthy tissues can be used. They do not multiply in the wound as they must leave it to pupate or they will die. When the maggots have completed their job, the doctor simply flushes them out of the wound. The maggots range from 1 to 2 mm in length when they are one day old and they reach a length of about 1 cm by their fourth day.

In order to ensure their sterility, scientists have developed techniques to farm maggots for medical use. The cost of maggot therapy is typically half as much as conventional therapy making it a very cost effective procedure. The only disadvantage of this type of therapy other than the yuck factor is the tickling sensation felt by some patients.


quantum physics help please?
Q. 1. After applying sunscreen, Cherie lies in the summer sun to get a tan. The ultraviolet light responsible for tanning has a wavelength over 310 nm, while the burning rays can range down to 280 nm. Which ultraviolet photon emits more energy? How much is that energy in Joules?
2.Mitch is undergoing eye surgery to repair a detached retina. His doctor uses a green laser whose wavelength is 541 nm. How much energy is produced by each laser photon? Put your answer in J
3.Light of frequency 1.00 x 1015 Hz illuminates a sodium surface. The ejected photoelectrons are found to have a maximum kinetic energy of 1.86 eV. Calculate the work function of sodium.
4.Shelley shines her purple, helium-neon laser, whose wavelength is 400 nm, on a photocell that has a work function of 2.38eV. What is the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons released? (in eV)

ive been working on these problems for like an hour and still cant figure them out. help would be much appreciated.

A. 1) Thanks to some geniuses at the beginning of the 20th century, we know that the amount of energy a photon contains is directly proportional to its frequency. Since the frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength, the shorter wavelength will produce a higher frequency (and therefore higher energy) photon.
Proof:

E0=hf
where E0 is the energy in a photon, h is Planck's constant, and f is the photon's frequency.

E0=hf
=h(c/w)
=hc/w
where c is the speed of light, and w is the wavelength (derived from the equation c=wf, part of standard wave theory).

E0=(6.626e-34)(3e8)/(3.1e-7m)
=6.41e-19 J

E0=(6.626e-34)(3e8)/(2.8e-7m)
=7.10e-19 J

So you can see the photon of wavelength 280nm has a greater energy.

2)Using the formula in the last question:
E0=hc/w
=(6.626e-34)(3e8)/(5.41e-7m)
=3.67e-19 J

3) For this one, the kinetic energy gained by an electron due to the absorption of a photon will be the energy of the photon, minus what is known as the work function (which is the amount of energy required to free the electron from its atom).

Ek=E0-W
W=E0-Ek
W=hf-Ek
=(4.14e-15)(1.00e15) - (1.86)
=2.28 eV
Since a unit was not stated in the question, I assume it is fine to leave the answer in electronvolts.

4)We can use the same equation as question 3 for this.
Ek=E0-W
=hc/w-W
=(4.14e-15)(3e8)/4.0e-7m)-2.38
=0.725eV

And there are all your answers.

Note: If you're wondering why I used two different values for planck's constant, it is to account for the change in units. Electronvolts are like joules, in that they measure an amount of energy. An electronvolt is the amount of energy an electron gains when placed in a potential difference of 1V. Therefore E=qV=(1.60e-19)(1)=1.60e-19 J. So we can see there is 1.60e-19J in one eV of energy. Planck's constant is 6.626Js. To convert this to be usable with electronvolts, you simply use conversion factors.

6.626Js * (1eV/1.60e-19J)
=4.14125e-15 eVs
=4.12e-15 eVs (2 decimal places is fine for these questions.

This is done simply to reduce the amount of work, and allow us to easily get answers in eV, like the question asks.

Cheers.





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